Critical Parameters of the In Vitro Method of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification
Hortells García, Luis Alberto (Universidad de Zaragoza) ; Sosa Misuraca, María Cecilia (Universidad de Zaragoza) ; Millán Esolano, Ángel (Universidad de Zaragoza) ; Sorribas Alejaldre, Victor (Universidad de Zaragoza)
Resumen: Background
Vascular calcification (VC) is primarily studied using cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells. However, the use of very different protocols and extreme conditions can provide find- ings unrelated to VC. In this work we aimed to determine the critical experimental parame- ters that affect calcification in vitro and to determine the relevance to calcification in vivo.
Experimental Procedures and Results
Rat VSMC calcification in vitro was studied using different concentrations of fetal calf serum, calcium, and phosphate, in different types of culture media, and using various volumes and rates of change. The bicarbonate content of the media critically affected pH and resulted in supersaturation, depending on the concentration of Ca2+ and Pi. Such supersaturation is a consequence of the high dependence of bicarbonate buffers on CO2 vapor pressure and bicarbonate concentration at pHs above 7.40. Such buffer systems cause considerable pH variations as a result of minor experimental changes. The variations are more critical for DMEM and are negligible when the bicarbonate concentration is reduced to 1/4. Particle nucle- ation and growth were observed by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Using 2mM Pi, particles of ~200nm were observed at 24 hours in MEM and at 1 hour in DMEM. These nuclei grew over time, were deposited in the cells, and caused osteogene expression or cell death, depending on the precipitation rate. TEM observations showed that the initial precipitate was amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which converts into hydroxyapatite over time. In blood, the scenario is different, because supersaturation is avoided by a tightly controlled pH of 7.4, which prevents the formation of PO43--containing ACP.
Conclusions
The precipitation of ACP in vitro is unrelated to VC in vivo. The model needs to be refined through controlled pH and the use of additional procalcifying agents other than Pi in order to reproduce calcium phosphate deposition in vivo.
Idioma: Inglés
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141751
Año: 2015
Publicado en: PLoS One 10, 11 (2015), e0141751 [22 p]
ISSN: 1932-6203
Factor impacto JCR: 3.057 (2015)
Categ. JCR: MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES rank: 11 / 60 = 0.183 (2015) - Q1 - T1
Financiación: info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/MAT2014-54975-R
Financiación: info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/SAF2012-33898
Tipo y forma: Article (Published version)
Área (Departamento): Toxicología (Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Medicina Legal y Forense y Toxicología)
Área (Departamento): Física de la Materia Condensada (Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada)
You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
0
Exportado de SIDERAL (2016-06-27-11:01:25)
Vascular calcification (VC) is primarily studied using cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells. However, the use of very different protocols and extreme conditions can provide find- ings unrelated to VC. In this work we aimed to determine the critical experimental parame- ters that affect calcification in vitro and to determine the relevance to calcification in vivo.
Experimental Procedures and Results
Rat VSMC calcification in vitro was studied using different concentrations of fetal calf serum, calcium, and phosphate, in different types of culture media, and using various volumes and rates of change. The bicarbonate content of the media critically affected pH and resulted in supersaturation, depending on the concentration of Ca2+ and Pi. Such supersaturation is a consequence of the high dependence of bicarbonate buffers on CO2 vapor pressure and bicarbonate concentration at pHs above 7.40. Such buffer systems cause considerable pH variations as a result of minor experimental changes. The variations are more critical for DMEM and are negligible when the bicarbonate concentration is reduced to 1/4. Particle nucle- ation and growth were observed by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Using 2mM Pi, particles of ~200nm were observed at 24 hours in MEM and at 1 hour in DMEM. These nuclei grew over time, were deposited in the cells, and caused osteogene expression or cell death, depending on the precipitation rate. TEM observations showed that the initial precipitate was amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which converts into hydroxyapatite over time. In blood, the scenario is different, because supersaturation is avoided by a tightly controlled pH of 7.4, which prevents the formation of PO43--containing ACP.
Conclusions
The precipitation of ACP in vitro is unrelated to VC in vivo. The model needs to be refined through controlled pH and the use of additional procalcifying agents other than Pi in order to reproduce calcium phosphate deposition in vivo.
Idioma: Inglés
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141751
Año: 2015
Publicado en: PLoS One 10, 11 (2015), e0141751 [22 p]
ISSN: 1932-6203
Factor impacto JCR: 3.057 (2015)
Categ. JCR: MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES rank: 11 / 60 = 0.183 (2015) - Q1 - T1
Financiación: info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/MAT2014-54975-R
Financiación: info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/SAF2012-33898
Tipo y forma: Article (Published version)
Área (Departamento): Toxicología (Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Medicina Legal y Forense y Toxicología)
Área (Departamento): Física de la Materia Condensada (Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada)
You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. 0
Exportado de SIDERAL (2016-06-27-11:01:25)
Este artículo se encuentra en las siguientes colecciones:
Articles > Artículos por área > Física de la Materia Condensada
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Record created 2016-02-01, last modified 2016-10-06
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